Amputation in Dogs
Written By hannah hollinger
Published: 12/07/2016Updated: 07/12/2021
Amputation in Dogs - Conditions Treated, Procedure, Efficacy, Recovery, Cost, Considerations, Prevention
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What is Amputation?
Amputation involves the surgical removal of a body part that is diseased or damaged beyond salvage. In dogs, the parts more commonly amputated are a limb, toe(s), or the tail. It should be remembered the docking the tail of newborn pups is an act of amputation. 
The aim of amputation is as a salvage procedure to prevent pain or suffering by removing a damaged body part or to prevent the spread of certain aggressive forms of cancer. This is a surgical procedure commonly undertaken in first opinion practice. 
Whilst amputation may seem a radical option to us, dogs do not seem to experience the same mental sense of loss as humans, and the vast majority adapt extremely well to the loss of a limb. Indeed there is a saying in veterinary circles that dogs have "Three legs and a spare." 
Amputation Procedure in Dogs
This is a surgical procedure that requires full general anesthesia. 
First the patient should be thoroughly assessed to check there are no other treatment options and that amputation is the most humane treatment. 
From start to final suture removal, a typical timeline is 10 - 14 days. 
In the majority of cases where amputation is necessary, the dog hasn't been using the limb for some time. This means once the anesthetic and discomfort of surgery has worn off, the majority of dogs adjust remarkably well. Indeed, some are noticeably brighter and more mobile than pre-surgery because they no longer experience pain or discomfort from the diseased limb.
The amputation procedure involves: 
  • Inducing a full general anesthetic
  • Clipping hair from the affected area and that immediately surrounding it.
  • Scrubbing the area with disinfectant to make it surgically sterile
  • Draping the area
  • A scrubbed surgeon makes a skin excisions, dissects away muscles, transects bone, and then repairs the dissected tissue and closes the skin.
  • Limb stumps are usually left undressed, whilst toe or tail amputations may have a dressing applied. 
  • The dog must wear a cone until the sutures are removed
The dog is often hospitalized overnight for pain relief and discharged the following day. 
Efficacy of Amputation in Dogs
Key to successful surgery is selecting those cases in which amputation is the best option. In these cases, the majority do very well afterwards and readily adapt to life without the missing body part. Obviously, amputation is irreversible so it is not undertaken lightly. Also, using effective pain relief prior to surgery is important to reduce the risk of 'phantom limb pain' afterwards. This is a condition in which the dog experiences ongoing stimulation of the nerve roots, despite the limb's removal. In some cases, amputation can be life-saving, such as the patient with a complex fracture where the only other option is euthanasia, or in the cancer patient with an aggressive osteosarcoma where removal of the primary tumor reduces the risk of spread.
Amputation Recovery in Dogs
The vet will supply effective pain relief to be given to the patient at home. If the surgery was lengthy, or the dog has a weak immune system, then a course of antibiotics may be prescribed. 
The dog is liable to be quiet for a few days after what is major surgery. Provide soft, padded bedding and encourage the dog to lie with the affected side uppermost. 
It may be necessary to support the dog in a sling improvised from a towel slung under their belly when the dog goes to the toilet for the first few times after surgery. 
The dog must wear a cone to prevent them from licking or chewing the surgical site. 
The owner should be vigilant for any discharge from the surgical site, such as blood or pus, and contact the clinic if they are concerned. Other signs to be alert for include swelling, excessive bruising, or the wound opening up. 
The dog requires a check-up three days after surgery, and provided the recovery is uneventful, the sutures are removed 10 to 14 days post surgery.
Cost of Amputation in Dogs
The average cost of limb amputation is $700-$1000. Prices may vary depending on whether a debilitated patient needs intravenous fluids during the anesthetic and special nursing care. Cost of pain relief for the recovery period ranges from $12 to $40, whilst a typical antibiotic course is $17 to $40 depending on the size of the dog and antibiotic selected. 
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Dog Amputation Considerations
Animals do not experience the same psychological hang-ups about amputation that people do. After a short period of adaptation, most dogs do very well indeed. During the recovery period, it is essential to maintain good hygiene of the pet's bedding and surroundings so that the wound does not become infected. If surgery was performed to prevent cancer spreading, then follow-up radiographs or imaging of the chest or liver may be advisable three months later.
Amputation Prevention in Dogs
Prevention of amputation is often not possible, as it is a last resort treatment. However, in some cases amputation may be performed due to financial constraints, such as when the cost of specialist fracture repair are prohibitive. In these cases, another course of action other than amputation may be possible when financial products are available to manage the cost of treatment. 
Amputation Questions and Advice from Veterinary Professionals
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Boxer
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Nostromo
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3 Years
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My pet has the following symptoms:
Limping
Lame Leg
Numb
Hello, I adopted a dog 14 days ago. He is a boxer of unknown age, but I’m guessing between two and four years old. His right front paw is completely lame, no pain response in the foot, his ankle (or wrist?) doesn’t bend at all so when he tries to use it he is walking on the top of his foot, but he can still move it up at the shoulder and elbow. I was considering trying a prosthetic with him, as he still tries to walk on it sometimes, but the vet who examined him said he has some of the worst muscle atrophy she has ever seen. The problem is, the rescue we got him from is willing to cover the amputation, but if they do it, it will be his entire leg, so obviously no chance of a prosthetic. I’m a bit concerned about the money of all the physical therapy it would take to rebuild the muscle, if it would even work, vs just doing the amputation and getting him a cart or something if he needs it for a long walks. Do you have any advice?
July 10, 2018

0 Recommendations
Without examining Nostromo I cannot determine the best course of action without checking reflexes etc… myself; however given the circumstances I would be more leaning towards amputation than trying to rehabilitate the leg. This is something to discuss with your Veterinarian to determine their thoughts and probability of any improvement. Regards Dr Callum Turner DVM
July 11, 2018
My dalmatian lost a back leg 5 years ago. Has not stopped herdoing anything. She swims runs does everything a 4 legged dog can do. She is 13 years old and still running around with the other dogs.
July 11, 2018
Gail H.
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Mini Doberman Pinscher/ Chihuahua
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Yourney
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2 Years
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My pet has the following symptoms:
Dragging Arm
Constantly Licking Arm
Hi, my dog was hit by a car yesterday and he had a concussion. Today, he is almost back to his regular self but he wont move his front right leg at all and it doesn't hurt him. I remember watching vet ranch and I took tweezers and I pinched between his paws and he did not flinch. Then, when I was moving him and noticed that 1. his muscles aren't flexing and 2. his collar bone is broken. I don't know what to do or where to go because my family doesn't have a lot of money and I don't want to surrender him to a shelter because they'll euthanize him. do you have any advice on what to do? Also do you know any low costing vets or clinics in the los angeles area? Thank you in advance.
June 27, 2018
Answered by Dr. Michele K. DVM
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I'm not sure of low cost clinics in the LA area, but I do know that many clinics offer free or discounted first exams so that you can have Yourney seen, as it seems that he needs medical attention. They may be able to at least let you know what to expect or if this is fair to him.
June 27, 2018
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Boxer
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Lucas
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5 Years
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My pet has the following symptoms:
Pain
Amputation
I am fostering a boxer who was hit by a car in April. He had surgery to fix the broken rear leg a pin was also placed. It is the upper leg close to the hip. Days after the surgery the dog would not attempt to use the leg. The vet went in a second time to see if he could “fix” anything. Now, almost 3 months later he does not use the leg at all. He holds it up all the time. Took to rescues vet who specializes in orthopedic medicine. After looking at X-rays only and physical Exam he felt something was impinging the legs movement. He said he wasn’t optimistic that surgery would fix the leg but wasn’t sure what exactly the problem was. He suggested to remove the pin, remove scar tissue and shave some of the bone down. Then to do PT. He felt it was a 50/50 chance. The rescue does not want to do this. They want to amputate the leg this week. I am struggling with their decision as I believe it’s more fair to give the leg a chance. Please give some feedback
June 24, 2018
0 Recommendations
Without examining the leg myself it is very difficult to weigh in; I understand the rescue as they will have a limited budget and amputation is effectively a ‘cure all’ for these types of issues even if it isn’t a perfect solution. Even the solution from the Orthopaedic Specialist was 50/50 which isn’t really favourable when looking at investing in surgery. Regards Dr Callum Turner DVM
June 25, 2018
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Galgo Espanol
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Arpa
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4 Years
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My pet has the following symptoms:
Pain
Pain Necrotic
3 inch Degloving tail injury post two weeks. Up until 4 days ago it was healing beautifully. At the next dressing change there was a dramatic change. No more pink healthy tissue closing the injury site. It had become a dark bloody oozing injury site. Vet had originally wrapped surgical tape above injury site as a base too attach future tape to prevent hair pulling. I was asked if I had wrapped the post dressings changed every 3 days too tightly. Possible but I doubt it as it was healing. I suspect the base tape the Vet put on was too tight acting as a tourniquet. I took scissors and cut the tape down the middle to release pressure on the tail. The damage has been done. I spoke with the vet advised amputation is likely, this was Monday, its now Wed and the dog is scheduled for surgery Friday afternoon. Dog has been on a 2 week course of antibiotics and I just started her on tramadol for pain. The tip is dead and about to fall off the bone. She got the latest bandage off and licked it down to the ligament. The end of her tail (3-5 inches)is no longer viable and needs to come off ASAP I just texted the Vet with no reply yet. She is a 4 yo female Galgo (Spanish Greyhound) tail injury from tail caught in screen door and she kept going degloving down to the ligament. My concern is that gangrene, septicemia or bacteremia do not set in awaiting surgery 2 days away. The injury site still oozes and has color, cold to the touch, no pain feeling above injury site so there is still blood flow to the area. I have been applying AAA ointment to the injury site and she's been on antibiotics. The rest of her tail appears fine with no signs of infection traveling. Bodily functions normal, appetite normal, alert and attentive, active
June 20, 2018
Answered by Dr. Michele K. DVM
0 Recommendations
I'm sorry that that has happened to Arpa. It is not uncommon for tail injuries to become necrotic and for the tissues to die, as there is little blood supply to the most distal parts of extremities. If she is on antibiotics, the chance of septicemia occurring is slim. As long as she is bright, happy, and eating, 2 days should not be an excessive amount of time to have surgery done. I hope that all goes well.
June 21, 2018
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German Shepherd
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Rowdy
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10 Years
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My pet has the following symptoms:
Sever Limping On Right Leg, Tumor
I have a 10 year old 79 lb. German Shepherd Mix that has been diagnosed with Osteosarcoma in his shoulder. Vet wants to amputate his leg and shoulder then probable chemo to follow up. So far lungs are clear. All this might give him 12 months to live. I am seeking advise on how well an older dog like mine can adapt to mobility on three legs. I am leaning toward plalliative treatment due to his age.
June 20, 2018
0 Recommendations
Dogs generally get on with it after amputation but it is true that an older dog will have more trouble adapting especially to a foreleg amputation over a hind leg amputation. Each case is different though and you need to weigh the benefits gained from amputation over the loss of a limb; look at Rowdy and how he is currently getting around, then determine how he would be with three legs. Regards Dr Callum Turner DVM
June 21, 2018
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