Acute Liver Failure in Cats
Written By hannah hollinger
Published: 10/12/2016Updated: 10/29/2021
Veterinary reviewed by Dr. Linda Simon, MVB MRCVS
Acute Liver Failure in Cats - Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, Recovery, Management, Cost
What is Acute Liver Failure?
Because the liver is necessary for life, cats who have acute liver failure can have a variety of different organ systems that are affected by the condition, putting the cat at risk of death.
Acute liver failure, also known as hepatic failure, occurs when the cat's liver suddenly loses 75 percent or more of its function. It differs from chronic liver failure in that it is not due to a hepatic disease or related condition that slowly causes it to lose function over time.
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Average Cost
$1,000
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Symptoms of Acute Liver Failure in Cats
Acute liver failure affects several organ systems, which include the gastrointestinal tract, renal system, the liver and gallbladder (hepatobiliary system), nervous system, and the blood (hematologic system). Because of the widespread effect, symptoms can present throughout the entire body. These symptoms include:
  • Sudden weight loss
  • Loss of appetite
  • Jaundice (yellowing of the mucous membranes, eyes, and inner ears)
  • Weakness
  • Lethargy
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Blood in stool
  • Seizures
  • Swollen abdomen due to fluid
  • Depression
Causes of Acute Liver Failure in Cats
Determining the cause of acute liver failure is essential in stopping tissue death. These causes include:
  • Hepatotoxic drugs, including some antibiotics, analgesics, chemotherapy agents, and anesthetics
  • Infectious agents, such as leptospirosis
  • Biologic toxins, which include Amanita phalloides mushrooms
  • Heat stroke
  • Inability to breathe (hypoxia)
  • Excessive exposure to heat during hyperthermia cancer treatment or excessive time spent outdoors or inside closed spaces such as cars
  • Poor flow of fluids into liver (perfusion)
  • Blood clots
  • Shock
  • Acute circulatory failure
  • Problems with protein synthesis due to a metabolic disorder
Diagnosis of Acute Liver Failure in Cats
The veterinarian will need to know all of the cat's symptoms, how long symptoms have been present and the cat's complete health history. The veterinarian will examine the cat, looking for signs of jaundice and abdominal distention. 
Several lab tests will be taken. These will include a complete blood count, a biochemical profile and a urinalysis. These tests will determine if an infection is present that is causing the liver problems, will assess what other organ systems are being affected and will check for protein synthesis impairment, abnormally high liver enzyme activity and/or the presence of bilirubin in the urine. 
Though all of these tests can indicate acute liver failure, a biopsy will be necessary to obtain a definitive diagnosis and to determine why the liver is failing. The veterinarian will take a small sample of the liver either using an ultrasound-guided needle aspiration or during abdominal surgery. This sample will be sent to a lab for analysis.
X-rays and ultrasounds may also be performed in order to look for liver enlargement and other hepatic abnormalities. 
Treatment of Acute Liver Failure in Cats
Fluid Therapy
The cat will be given fluids intravenously in order to prevent dehydration and to support the circulation. Electrolytes and intravenous dextrose (sugar) will also be administered to correct any electrolyte imbalances and low blood sugar levels.
Feeding Tube
The veterinarian will place the cat on a special diet that will be given to the cat through a feeding tube if they are not eating themselves. The feeding tube may either be inserted through the nose or directly into the esophagus through a small incision in the cat's neck. The tube will deliver calories, protein and nutrients directly to the stomach or intestines. The diet will be high in protein with vitamins E and K to promote healing and prevent blood clots from occurring.
Medications
A variety of complications can occur throughout the body as a result of acute liver failure. Medications will be prescribed both to treat these complications and to treat the primary cause of the liver failure. These medications include:
  • Antioxidants to promote healing
  • Hepatoprotectants to prevent additional damage to the liver
  • Antiemetics to treat vomiting and nausea
  • Antibiotics to kill bacteria or infections in the liver or other organs
  • Diuretics to help remove excess fluid from the body
  • Mannitol (a specific type of diuretic) to decrease cerebral (brain) swelling
  • Lactulose to stop the absorption of ammonia
  • Antiulcer medications to treat ulcers
  • Coagulopathy medications to help the blood clot to prevent internal bleeding
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Recovery of Acute Liver Failure in Cats
The cat will need to follow the prescribed diet once at home to ensure the liver continues to heal and that the cat is getting all of the nutrients it requires. Any medications that were prescribed by the veterinarian will need to be taken according to the instructions given in the hospital. When the primary cause is diagnosed and treated within a few days of liver failure, the prognosis is better. 
The cat will need to regularly follow up with the veterinarian in order for labs to be drawn to check on liver function and to ensure that all other organ systems have healed from the liver failure. Any complications that occurred due to the liver failure will also need to be followed up on a regular basis.
Acute Liver Failure Average Cost
From 339 quotes ranging from $200 - $3,000
Average Cost
$1,000
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Acute Liver Failure Questions and Advice from Veterinary Professionals
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Feline
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Six Months
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0 found this helpful

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0 found this helpful

My pet has the following symptoms:
Watery Diarrhea
My cat got into an injury about a 3 weeks ago and she has been raising her back and yelping in pain and now she has gotten watery diarrhea.
Sept. 26, 2020
Answered by Dr. Michele K. DVM
0 Recommendations
Thank you for your question. I apologize for the delay, this venue is not set up for urgent emails. It would be best to have your pet seen by a veterinarian, as they can examine them, see what might be going on, and get treatment for them.
Oct. 18, 2020
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Maine Coon
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Link
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2 Years
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19 found this helpful

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19 found this helpful

My pet has the following symptoms:
Lack Of Appetite
My two year old cat was diagnosed with liver problems. It's been about 2 months now. I only have seen him get better but moving around now and trying to play with his toy. He had been on lots of meds and had a feeding tub in his neck now for about a month. I don't now what else to do to make him want to eat on his own. I have tried baby food, cooked chicken, cant kitten food and canned a/d food that vet gave me. He is donning inn his own and will go smell the food but will not eat it. What can i do for him? I'm starting to worry he will have a feeding tube for a long long time. And about two days ago he is starting to get distant again. What can i do for him.
June 3, 2018
Answered by Dr. Michele K. DVM
19 Recommendations
Link may need to have his blood values rechecked to make sure that his liver disease is resolving and that things are getting better. It can be challenging to get a cat to start eating again when they have a feeding tube, as they usually really aren't hungry since we are feeding them. If his bloodwork is better, and he is otherwise healthy when seen by your veterinarian, you can start to increase the amount of times between feedings to try and create times when he is hungry. Your veterinarian can guide you through that in more detail, as they can examine him and know more about his physical condition.
June 3, 2018
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Domestic short
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Toby
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13 Years
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54 found this helpful

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54 found this helpful

My pet has the following symptoms:
Jaundice, Liver Lvls, Wght Loss
My DSH is a senior, at least 13, but perhaps more like 15 or 16 since it was ultimately a guess. I used to work at a vet hospital for several years and had hoped he might be a little older before seeing a decline. In any case, he had elevated liver values when we did bloodwork prior to a scheduled dental cleaning about a year ago. They were not so elevated as to leap immediately into every diagnosis/treatment option that is out there, especially since I am on a budget. At the time we tested his thyroid, since sometimes that can evbe associated. Those values were normal, and I honestly feel guilty now, but his eating and weight were good and so was his activity, so I waited before pursuing further diagnosis. In about February or March of this year when we went for his annual, his liver values were extremely elevated from the last test and the vet realized how jaundiced he had become. He is a white and strawberry cat and she told me how difficult it is to tell with his coloring but I can't help burr be sad that I didn't see ir earlier. We started him on denamarin after that visit because I didn't feel like a biopsy was the right next step when there could be potential blood clotting issues and couldn't afford the ultrasound. He has seem to do well until only the last day or two. Now some of his habits have changed suddenly. He is hiding a lot and crying at the front door. Just today though, I found a food that he really seems to enjoy and I was hoping that that would perk him up a little bit. And I also got pedialyte to be sure they he is staying well hydrated. I guess my ultimate question is this - I understand he is very close to his end of life but I just wanna do everything I can to make him comfortable and happy. I know it wont cure him but I am also wondering if making sure that he has better nutrition can even make him more comfortable now. Is it hopeless thinking those changes might make even a couple of days happier and more comfortable?
June 2, 2018
Answered by Dr. Michele K. DVM
54 Recommendations
Liver disease in cats is very difficult to treat, and one of the hardest parts is getting them to eat enough when they don't feel good. Some cats benefit from a feeding tube if the chances for recovery are good, but at Toby's age, I would be concerned that his chances for recovery are poor and I'm not sure that I would put him through extraordinary measures. At this point, it seems making sure that he is comfortable and has a good quality of life is very important, and anything that he will eat is better than not eating. I am sorry that that is happening to him.
June 2, 2018
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tabby
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Tiger
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2 Years
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10 found this helpful

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10 found this helpful

My pet has the following symptoms:
No Symptoms
My cat was a baby ferral when I got him. He is 2 now. No shots yet. He was sick with infection from a cat bite. Hes on antibiotics and is really strong now. Vet says he may have liver problems due to yellowing skin and gums. He was rechecked and his gums are whitish not yellow. How much will it cost me to neuter him, immunizations, blood work and hospitalization. I love my cat but I am low income now.
May 9, 2018
10 Recommendations
Without knowing where you live (country, state, city etc…) it is difficult to say what a possible price for neutering, vaccinations and blood tests would cost. Neutering may cost $300 or more but some cities have organisations which may neuter cats for $25 (see first link below for an example), vaccinations may cost $100-$150 and blood tests may cost $200 or more; it would be best to contact a local Veterinarian for a ballpark over the phone or a charity clinic like the one in the first link below. Regards Dr Callum Turner DVM www.helpinghandsvetva.com/procedures-pricing/ www.businessinsider.com/how-much-it-actually-costs-to-own-a-cat-2015-8
May 10, 2018
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Mix
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snowie
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4 Years
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29 found this helpful

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29 found this helpful

My pet has the following symptoms:
Loss Of Appetite
There is a stray cat in the neighbourhood which we feed him everyday. Last week we noticed he was very thin and loss of appetite and we took him to the vet and he was on drip and gave him some vitamins. We took him back and kept him inside and he had not eaten anything, we kept him inside for roughly a week and the vet told us to release him outside to be in his environment. After 3 days without seeing him he came back and went in my garage and remained there. He drinks a bit but he did not touch any food. Yesterday we took him to a different vet for a second opinion and told that there is no chance and better to be put down and was diagonised with Liver Failure like the previous vet. Today in the morning he began meawing and walked and miracously ate a small portion. Shall I wait a bit ? Because we do not want to be put down but we are afraid that he is suffering
May 2, 2018

Answered by Dr. Michele K. DVM
29 Recommendations
If Snowie started eating today, it would be a great idea to see if he continues to eat, that would be quite amazing. Some causes of liver failure are reversible, and you just don't want him to suffer, in the big picture. If he seems brighter and might be improving, it would make sense to give him a chance. The chances are slim that he will survive, and you will need to monitor him to make sure that he isn't suffering, but some stray cats are fighters!
May 2, 2018
In the evening he ate a bigger portion and today in the morning he ate a small amount and he is walking a little distance. It seems that he is a little better. Thank you for your advice and yes we are monitoring him and keeping him in our care. Thank you
May 3, 2018
snowie's Owner
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long hair
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Orlando
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12 Years
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My pet has the following symptoms:
Weight Loss
Jaundice
Lethargy
Vomiting
My boy Orlando, he's around 12 years old now. Several years ago, I'd say 2015/2016 he stopped eating and lost a substantial amount of weight. I took him to the vet and they told me it was hepatic lipidosis. He was given IV fluids, antibiotics, vitamins, and antioxidants. I followed up with his vet for several weeks after force feeding him, he eventually came around and was back to his normal self. Then in 2017 it happened again, after hurricane Harvey he was stressed and when I took him back to his vet I was once again told he had hepatic lipidosis. At a loss, I did the same thing as last time only he didnt get better. The last option from the vet was to give him steroids, and to my excitement it worked! He was back to his usual self in no time. But once again, his liver is shutting down and I'm devastated. I took him back and the vet told me he probably would not survive since his liver has been damaged so many times. It's been a few weeks with no real improvements, he's barely drinkng and not really eating much of anything. He is still being his loving self, but I'm not sure how much longer he will live at this point. How do I know if he's suffering and in pain? I couldn't bare it if he was in pain. I just don't know what to do at this point, if I should let him be until he passes or have him euthanized so he won't suffer. 😔
Acute Liver Failure Average Cost
From 339 quotes ranging from $200 - $3,000
Average Cost
$1,000
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