Enlarged gums in cats, also known as gingival hyperplasia, is a condition in which the gums become inflamed and enlarged in the mouth. The condition is rare but can be controlled and alleviated with proper oral care provided at home and by a veterinarian. Enlarged gums can increase in severity if an infection or bacteria enter the bloodstream. Inflammation of the gums can also be a sign of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) or kidney disease.

Cats who are suffering from inflammation of the gums may be reluctant to groom themselves and may also have a decreased appetite with the food that they consume each day, which can result in weight loss. They are also prone to persistent bad breath and other symptoms that include: 

The main cause of enlarged gums in cats is often a lack of oral hygiene due to bacteria that develops in the mouth. This can be due to a poor diet or a lack of dental cleanings that are performed each day to remove plaque that forms near the gumline. 

Diseases or health conditions can also be the cause of enlarged gums, which are often a symptom of underlying issues. Age, breed, and genetics can also increase the risk of inflamed gums developing. 

Cats can be diagnosed with enlarged gums with a general exam that is provided by a veterinarian. Additional tests may be done to help determine the cause of the condition.

The treatment that is needed for enlarged gums depends on the progression of the condition. In most cases, home treatment will be advised with dental cleanings that will need to be performed each day. Advanced cases will require descaling to remove tartar that has accumulated over time. Cats that do not respond well to the treatment methods will need to be evaluated for underlying conditions or diseases that may be present, which can include diabetes or kidney disease.

If treatment is not provided to cats for enlarged gums, it can eventually lead to tooth loss, gingivitis, and receding gums. Follow-up appointments will be needed after treatments and surgery are performed to monitor the health of the gums for proper recovery.

To reduce the risk of inflammation of the gums and manage them over time, dental cleanings should be scheduled throughout the year to reduce the amount of tartar that develops. Cats that receive proper treatment often have a good results, but relapse can still occur. If proper treatment is not provided, deeper pockets can develop in the gums, which can cause bacteria to continue to breed.

Tooth brushing each day is necessary for at-home treatment and should also be accompanied by providing the cat with an appropriate diet. Soft foods may need to be provided to the cat to ensure that they are not in discomfort while eating. The veterinarian may also provide the cat with dental sealants to reduce the risk of gum disease.