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- Painful urination (dysuria)
- Reduced or difficult urination (stranguria)
- Frequent attempts to urinate
- Blood in the urine (hematuria)
- Repeat urinary tract infections
- Abdominal pain
- Abdominal distention or bloat
- Vomiting
- Lethargy
- Weakness
- Struvite stones – made of struvite, this is the most common type, found mainly in female dogs
- Calcium oxalate stones – the second most common type, calcium and oxalate bind together to form a very hard stone, found mainly in male dogs
- Urate stones – made of ammonium urate, the next most common type after calcium oxalate
- High calcium content in the diet
- Eating foods that produce oxalate or increase urine acidity
- Excessive calcium excreted from the kidneys - it’s not known what causes this
- Hypercalcemia – large amounts of calcium released into the blood from skeletal deposits (this rarely leads to stones)Lack of fluids
- More common in smaller dogs
- More common in some breeds:Bichon Frisé, Miniature Schnauzers, Lhasa Apsos, Yorkshire or Cairn Terriers, Shih Tzus, Miniature Poodles, Pomeranians, Maltese, Keeshonds
- More common in male dogs
- More common in dogs between 5 and 9 years old
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