Vitamin D is a key nutritional element that dogs need to thrive. This vitamin is sometimes called the "sunshine vitamin" since humans synthesize it from sunlight exposure; however, dogs cannot make vitamin D this way. Dogs must get all their vitamin D from their diet.
Worried your dog isn't getting enough? Don't worry! We'll discuss food sources to make sure your pup is getting the vitamin D they need, as well as signs of deficiencies to look for. Before we get into that, let's discuss the functions of vitamin D for dogs.
Functions
Vitamin D has many functions within the canine body, primarily revolving around its regulatory effects on calcium levels.
Vitamin D is integral for a dog's skeletal system since it helps control calcium deposits and calcium absorption from the bone. It also plays a role in absorbing calcium from food as it digests in the intestines. These calcium regulatory effects mean vitamin D is also essential for healthy muscle and nerve function in canines.
Daily Recommended Intake
The Association of American Feed Control Officials has strict regulations for vitamin and mineral levels in dog food. According to their recommendations, a kilogram of adult dog food should contain no less than 500 international units (0.0125 mg) but no more than 3,000 international units (0.075 mg) of vitamin D per day. Vitamin D supplements for dogs should contain no more than 100-120 ng/ml per day.
Food Sources
Most kibbles manufacturers fortify their food with a vitamin supplement mix containing vitamin D, along with other vitamins and minerals, but this isn't the only source of vitamin D for dogs. Fatty fish are abundant in vitamin D, as are many other animal products. Here are a few vitamin D-rich human foods that are safe for dogs to enjoy:
Salmon
Tuna
Herring
Halibut
Sardines
Mackerel
Egg yolks
Beef liver
Cheese
Yogurt
Mushrooms
Fortified oats
Squash
Signs of Vitamin D Deficiency in Dogs
Vitamin D deficiencies in dogs are rare due to the strict nutritional guidelines for dog food set in place by the AAFCO. Vitamin D deficiencies may be a result of eating a diet of unbalanced table food or raw foods. Malabsorption of vitamins and minerals can also be a factor, especially in pups with underlying digestive problems or a genetic predisposition. So what are the signs of a vitamin D deficiency in dogs?
Brittle bones
Decrease in muscle mass
Fatigue
Vitamin D deficiency in dogs may increase the risk for:
Congestive heart failure
Heart disease complications
Soft bones
Rickets
Bone demineralization
Other bone disorders
Signs of Vitamin D Overdose in Dogs
Since vitamin D is fat-soluble, an overdose is always a risk with this vitamin. There are several reasons why a dog might overdose on vitamin D. Oversupplementation of vitamins can over time accumulate stores of vitamin D in the body, eventually leading to an overdose. Accidental overdoses are possible too. One of the biggest risks for accidental vitamin D overdose is cholecalciferol-containing rat poison, which may smell appealing to a hungry dog.
If you suspect your dog is overdosing on Vitamin D, take them to a vet immediately. Vets will be able to diagnose this condition by checking a pup's blood work and urine levels for elevated levels of calcium, phosphorous, glucose, and proteins. From there, a vet might induce vomiting (if the overdose is recent) or put them on fluids to help excrete the excess vitamins faster. In extreme cases, vets administer phosphate binders to aid in the removal of excess phosphate.
Signs of a vitamin D overdose in dogs include:
Excess salivation
Abdominal pain
Tremors
Convulsions
Weakness
Constipation
Anorexia
Unusual thirst
Frequent urination or accidents
Blood in vomit
Weight loss
Bloody or black stools
Vitamin D Supplements for Dogs
There are many brands of vitamin D supplements for dogs on the market, from chewable tablets to drops. So what benefits, if any, do these provide for our canine companions?
There is evidence that vitamin D can decrease the risk of heart disease and some types of cancer in canines. Vitamin D's regulatory effects on calcium may also reduce the risk of brittle bones as a dog ages. For this reason, vets often give dogs with rickets extra Vitamin D to combat softening of the bones. Some vets even use vitamin D supplements to treat hypoparathyroidism in dogs.
It's important to mention that supplements are no substitution for a healthy canine diet, and otherwise, healthy dogs on a quality kibble may not benefit from them at all. Talk to your vet before placing your dog on any vitamin regimen since your vet may want to do blood work to see where your dog's levels are to ensure the right dosage. If you do decide to give your pup vitamin D supplements, remember that the dosage should not exceed 100-120 mg/ml per day.
Worried your pup isn't getting enough of what they need? Live chat with a veterinarian today!
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