
- Limping
- Abnormally carrying leg or legs
- Inability to bend the knee
- Pain when moving the leg
- Will not run or jump
- Refusing to exercise
- Swelling
- Weak legs
- Crying out in pain when used or manipulated
- Grade 1 – Minimal lateral deviation, no cracking sounds, slight rotation of the tibia, and returns to the original position after extension
- Grade 2 – Up to 30 degrees of torsion in the tibial crest, frequently moves from its intended position, almost permanently luxated, very difficult but possible to move patella back in place
- Grade 3 – Flattened knee joint, permanently luxated with a tibial crest of 30 to 50 degrees, still usable but held in a partially flexed position
- Grade 4 – Permanently luxated with up to 90 degrees deviation, knee joint is flat or convex, unable to use the leg normally
- Congenital – Present at birth
- Developmental – Develops over time but is considered to be a hereditary deformity or weakness in the ligaments or bones in the knee
- Traumatic – Results from an injury or accident that damages the knee ligaments or bones
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