How to Train Your Dog to Detect Cancer
How to Train Your Dog to Detect Cancer
Hard difficulty iconHard
Time icon6-12 Months
Work training category iconWork
Introduction

We all know dogs can be used to “sniff out” drugs and explosives and to detect health conditions such as seizures and low blood sugar, but what about sensing the presence of cancer in a patient? Anecdotal evidence of dogs detecting cancer in their owners in the past prompted research into the feasibility of using dogs to detect cancer as part of a clinical setting. As it turns out, scientists and clinicians have had success training dogs to detect odors given off by cancer cells on the breath of cancer patients or in urine or blood serum. It turns out, organic compounds released by metabolism in cancer cells are released in the body fluids of cancer patients and the odor of these substances can be detected by dogs. Dogs trained to signal their detection of these substances can then alert clinicians to the presence of cancer. Amazing!

Although more work is currently being done to develop the accuracy of cancer-detecting skills in dogs and apply it to clinical settings, there is much hope that the ability of dogs to detect cancer or to replicate this ability could be a useful diagnostic tool. Many studies have shown success in training dogs to reliably detect cancer in patients. A poodle named Captain Jennings is being used to help detect ovarian cancer in patients, a particularly invasive and difficult to detect cancer, at the Pine Street Foundation in California.

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Defining Tasks

So how does one teach a dog to detect cancer? Dogs are used to detect the odor of drugs, explosives, and other substances, why not cancer? The metabolites of cancer cells emit an odor that can be detected on the breath or body fluids of cancer patients. There are differences, however, in detecting the scent of cancer as opposed to other scents, as there are hundreds of organic compounds released by cancer cells that dogs need be trained to identify. Training a dog to detect and alert to cancer involves exposing the dog to hundreds of samples containing these organic compounds, and to teach the dog to detect a combination of compounds. Because of the complexity, detection of cancer is most effectively conducted by teams of dogs. A positive hit by multiple members of the team is a good indicator that cancer is present in a patient.


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Getting Started

Training a dog to detect cancer involves presenting the dog with hundreds of samples, collected using rigid standards in a clinical setting under strict guidelines, to expose the dog to a wide range of organic compounds that could indicate the presence of cancer in a patient. Organic compounds produced by cancer cells occur in combination with other organic compounds present from the metabolism of non-cancerous cells in the body. A dog with exceptionally sensitive scent-detecting abilities and one of calm focused temperament is required for training to reliably detect cancer under such complicated circumstances.

Training to detect cancer scent, like other scent detection, will involve a reward system to provide motivation for correct identification. Food or play with toys is frequently employed. Also, due to the requirement to distinguish between multiple scents and combinations of scents, the use of a scent wheel containing multiple samples for the dog to distinguish between is employed. Samples consist of samples of blood plasma or urine from a variety of patients, both healthy and with cancer. A scent wheel is similar to a lazy susan with protruding arms holding vials of body fluid. Samples will need to come from multiple people, as using only one person with cancer to train cancer detection will result in training the dog to detect that one person. Instead, hundreds of samples from different individuals are required for training.


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The Distinguishing Scent Method

Most Recommended

3 Votes

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3 Votes

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1

Play

Provide a toy and play with your dog often, use play with the toy as a reward for basic obedience commands.

2

Introduce scent

Set up a scent wheel with two containers, one containing an easily distinguishable scent such as vanilla, and an empty container, or one filled with water.

3

Reward identification

When your dog approaches the container with the scent to investigate, reward your dog with play with their favorite toy or ball.

4

Teach alert

Now add an alert your dog can provide you, such as ‘sit’. When your dog identifies the strong scent, ask him to ‘sit’, then reward.

5

Reward after alert

Start only rewarding the dog with play if they identify the scent correctly and provide the alert.

6

Add scents

Gradually add more scents to the wheel.

7

Teach various scents

Teach your dog to alert to different scents.

8

Provide cancer scents

Provide multiple samples of blood plasma or urine from cancer patients, and teach your dog to identify and alert to those samples.Reward for correct identification and signal, ignore for false identifications.

The Match to Sample Method

Effective

1 Vote

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Effective

1 Vote

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1

Establish signal

Teach your dog a signal such as ‘sit and look at me’

2

Plant scent

Provide two articles, one that is scented with a strong scent such as vanilla and one that is not, in front of your dog.

3

Provide scent

Provide your dog with the vanilla scent on a separate object.

4

Shape and reward match

Let your dog approach containers with scent. When your dog approaches the unscented object, ignore. When he approaches the scented object, click and reward. Gradually click and reward as your dog gets closer and closer to the scented target object. Repeat exercise multiple times a day for several weeks.

5

Add signal

Now give your dog the command for his signal, such as ‘sit and look at me’. Provide command when your dog locates and matches the scented object. Continue to click and reward when your dog successfully matches the scent and signals you by sitting.

6

Remove command and click

Gradually remove the ‘sit’ command. Gradually remove the click, reward matches and ignore errors.

7

Transfer

Start using blood serum samples from cancer patients instead of the strong scent used previously as the target to identify and be rewarded.

8

Remove provided scent

Remove the sample scent to match to and allow your dog to identify samples from cancer patients without being given a sample scent.

9

Add multiple samples

Provide multiple samples from healthy subjects and patients with cancer and practice repeatedly for several months.

The Shape Signal Method

Least Recommended

2 Votes

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Least Recommended

2 Votes

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1

Teach signal

Teach your dog a signal such as ‘sit and look at me’ or ‘bow’ that will be used to indicate the presence of the cancer scent. Use a hand signal to command and capture the behavior with a clicker.

2

Add scent

Now use the hand signal and provide a scent in a small open container. Start with a strong scent like peanut butter, tea, vanilla or cheese.

3

Capture alert

When the dog performs the signal in response to the presence of the scent and hand signal, click and reward with food or toy play. Practice several times a day for a few weeks.

4

Remove command

Gradually remove the hand signal, continue to present the scent and use the clicker and reward the dog for performing the signal such as ‘sit’.

5

Transfer to cancer scent

Start presenting blood plasma or urine samples from cancer patients, and transfer the alert response to detecting the cancer scent. Repeat steps 2-4.

6

Provide multiple scents

Use multiple different samples from cancer patients.

7

Make complex

Start providing multiple samples some from cancer patients, some from healthy patients. If the dog alerts to a healthy patient sample, ignore the response, but if they alert to a sample from a cancer patient, reward with treat or toy and play.

Written by Amy Caldwell

Veterinary reviewed by:

Published: 11/27/2017, edited: 01/08/2021

Training Questions and Answers

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Portuguese Water Dog
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Do you think there are any advantages to imprinting puppies. If so, at what age would you start and how would you go about doing so.

Feb. 14, 2023

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Caitlin Crittenden - Dog Trainer

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1128 Dog owners recommended

Hello, I think that neonatal handling exercises at the proper age when done correctly can be beneficial on development. I don't find there to be a benefit to the future owner being the one doing them, just a human who is knowledgeable in it, such as a great breeder. I would never bring a puppy home before 7 weeks in order for the puppy to bond more with the human. There is so much development and social intelligence that is gained by having the puppy stay with mom and littermates for a minimum of 7 weeks, and the drawbacks of taking a puppy away from mom and littermates too early can have such drastic effects on development, adaptability, temperament development, behavior, and social skills, that it can lead to a puppy no longer qualifying for specialized work where public exposure is necessary. That might not be at all what you are planning on doing, but I just wanted to say that just in case. https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/dog-breeding/breeder-puppy-socialization-early-neurological-stimulation/ If the puppy is staying with mom and the breeder or yourself has the ability to do neonatal exercises with puppies, then check out these resources for more information on how and when to do the exercises. Once pup is past the neonatal age, before they are ready to go home, exposure to a puppy safe yard, obstacles, a crate, gentle human visitors, household appliances and normal home noises (opposed to puppies kept in a kennel facility or away from the family), are also very beneficial. Socialization can then continue with you even more after 8 weeks, with careful trips to public places (where pup is carried anywhere that's not safe disease wise prior to completing their 12 week vaccines. Check out the free PDF E-books Downloads "Before You Get Your Puppy" and "After You Get Your Puppy" for more information of socialization, which can be downloaded at this website. www.lifedogtraining.com/freedownloads Best of luck training, Caitlin Crittenden

Feb. 27, 2023

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I will be training a puppy as soon as I get her. I will be training her to for DAD.. I was wondering if it's possible to train my dog for both. DAD and cancer detection.

Feb. 11, 2023

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Caitlin Crittenden - Dog Trainer

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Hello, In theory it should be. Both types of training utilize similar skills and behaviors in the dog. I would teach whichever one is higher priority first and wait until pup has mastered the scent detection associated with that skills first, before adding in a new scent detection skill. I would also teach a distinctly different alert cue for each thing. For examples, for DAD training, pup actually needs to learn two scent detections most likely, one for high blood sugar and one for low. Teach the most critical one first, wait until pup is good at alerting for that consistently, then add in the other separate alert for the other blood sugar event. I would spend a solid year at least working on just the DAD training, with general public access training and scent training for highs and lows, before adding in additional cancer detection training, if cancer detection is of second priority to you. You want pup to be really good at their primary task before adding in something new. Many service dogs are do learn multiple task alerts. I know one such dog who is a gluten detection dog for celiac, but also trained to alert for anxiety and help with stability and retrievals. It's common to teach multiple tasks, which is what you will be doing, you just have to isolate them enough to avoid confusing the dog. Best of luck training, Caitlin Crittenden

Feb. 13, 2023

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lady
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standard poole
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Four Months
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the cancer training for my standard Poole, 4-year-old Lady... very sweet lady thanks

Sept. 13, 2022

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Caitlin Crittenden - Dog Trainer

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Hello, Cancer detection is scent based training in almost all cases. To do such training you will need medical samples to scent detect to. I would see if there is a group or organization in your extended area already doing such work and training and partner with them to do the training. You will need an organization that's already working with a lab or hospital to have access to such scent samples. Once you have access to samples, then you can start pairing scenting with alerting - like telling pup to bark if they smell a cancer sample, putting the "Speak" type cue on verbal command, then phasing out the verbal command once pup begins to associate that smell with being told Speak in order to get a treat. You would then need non-cancerous samples to also practice with to teach pup to differentiate between the cancer sample and healthy sample, only rewarding a correct alert. A lot of the process then is working on reliability so that pup is always detecting correctly and not giving false alerts on other related smells or healthy samples, teaching pup to pick out just that one difference in the samples, then planting the samples on people and teaching pup to alert when they smell the cancerous sample hidden on someone's person, then finally setting up situations where pup doesn't know you are training where they are encouraged and rewarded to detecting a cancerous sample on someone in distracting locations and with various people, so pup learns how to focus on that in different scenarios - depending on how you will be using the training; whether pup will be detecting cancer with people who may have cancer or always just be given a lab sample to detect, I believe its usually done with people who may have cancer in most situations though, so pup would need to be able to handle the distractions that come with that live setting. Best of luck training, Caitlin Crittenden

Sept. 14, 2022


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