What is Pneumonia?
Some forms of pneumonia are more serious than others such as aspergillosis, which is fatal in close to 90% of cases and candidiasis, which is fatal in 45-70% of cases. There are a lot of different types and just as many different treatments, which include antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals, anti-inflammatory drugs, bronchodilators, and oxygen. With treatment, a healthy horse will almost always recover within a few weeks. However, older horses, foals, or horses with chronic illnesses may take longer to heal.
Pneumonia in horses is a lung infection that can be from bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses, or aspiration (inhalation). Pneumonia can be a very serious disease in horses. In fact, it can even be fatal in some cases. The most common cause of pneumonia is streptococcus zooepidemicus, which is a form of bacteria. The signs of pneumonia are an increased body temperature, runny nose, cough, wheezing, and respiratory distress.
Symptoms of Pneumonia in Horses
Since there are so many causes and types of pneumonia, the signs of infection can vary quite a bit. However, the most often reported include:
- High body temperature
- Nasal discharge (runny nose)
- Coughing (sometimes with blood)
- Raspy breathing
- Rapid or irregular breathing
- Shaking or shivering
- Sweaty skin
- Blue tint to mucous membranes
- Abdominal pain (colic)
- Facial deformities
- Weight loss
Types
- Aspirational - breathing in dirt, hay, or other foreign substances
- Bacterial - bacteroides spp., bordetella bronchiseptica, clostridium spp., E. coli, klebsiella spp., pasteurella spp., pseudomonas spp., rhodococcus equi, streptococcus equi, and streptococcus zooepidemicus
- Fungal - aspergillus spp., candida spp., coccidioides immitis, cryptococcus neoformans, histoplasma capsulatum, mucor, phycomycetes, and rhizopus
- Parasites - parascaris equorum larvae and dictyocaulus arnfieldi
- Viral - equine influenza, herpesvirus, and arteritis
Causes of Pneumonia in Horses
- Being around other ill animals
- Overcrowded living situations
- Horse racing or other high speed exercise
- Long distance travel
Diagnosis of Pneumonia in Horses
Your veterinarian (preferably one that specializes in horses) will need your horse’s medical history, vaccination records, recent illnesses or injuries, type of work performed, and what symptoms you have seen so far. A complete physical examination will need to be done, which should include palpation of the lungs and abdomen, listening to your horse’s lung sounds, and recording body temperature, weight, height, reflexes, capillary refill time (CRT), body condition score, personality, blood pressure, pulse, respiration rate, and conformation. You may need to trot, canter, and walk your horse while the veterinarian watches, analyzing behavior, muscle performance, and joint function while in motion. The veterinarian will start with a standing examination, checking your horse from head to tail looking for anything out of the ordinary such as swelling, warmth, redness, or lesions.
For any kind of pulmonary or respiratory illness in a horse, several thoracic radiographs (x-rays), ultrasounds, and CT scans are necessary. Collecting samples of fluid through a bronchoalveolar lavage or tracheal wash are also important in determining the cause. Microscopic examination of lesions taken from tissue and sputum from the lungs and airway can be extremely helpful. However, the most definitive tests are microbiologic culture, immunohistochemistry, or polymerase chain reaction. In addition, a complete blood count (CBC), chemical panel, blood and urine cultures, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) will be done.
Treatment of Pneumonia in Horses
Treating your horse depends on the area and severity of the infection, the cause (agent) of infection, and the amount of finances available for treatment. Some of the treatments include oral, intravenous, or topical medications, hospitalization, fluid therapy, and oxygen therapy.
Medication
Antibiotics antivirals, antifungals, bronchodilators, nonsteroidal anti-Inflammatories (NSAIDS), and corticosteroids may be given, if needed.
Hospitalization
In many cases, your horse may need to be hospitalized for observation and further treatment as needed.
Oxygen and Fluid Therapy
Many horses need oxygen to help them breathe and intravenous (IV) fluid therapy to prevent dehydration.
Recovery of Pneumonia in Horses
Your horse’s prognosis depends on the type and cause of the pneumonia as well as your horse’s age and overall health. With aspergillosis or candidiasis, chances of recovery are low to moderate. All other types and causes of pneumonia can be treated successfully in many cases with treatment. Be sure to give your horse all of the medication even if the symptoms go away after the first few days. Not taking the full round of antibiotics can cause your horse to relapse.
Pneumonia Questions and Advice from Veterinary Professionals
Has Symptoms
My 7 year old gelding choked, developed aspiration pneumonia and endotoxemia within the course of a week. He was given antibiotics immediately after the choke. Over the course of 4 weeks he was on Exceed, gentamicin, polymyxin B, banamine, and 2 weeks of uniprim. He seemed to recover, however 3 weeks later I noticed his breathing was labored at the walk, his winter coat is not shedding out and his topline is diminishing. The vet came out and scoped and ultrasounded him. Several lung abscesses greater than 5cm were identified as well as necrotic tissue. He also found a grade 4 laryngeal hemiplegia. No fluid or evidence of gas from anaerobic bacteria were observed. He is now on chloramphenicol and will be ultrasounded again in 2 weeks. My vet is very optimistic that he will completely recover and return to his former healthy state. Financially I cannot afford any additional treatment and am concerned about his chances of recovery. What is the likelihood of recovery? What are potential complications?
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My horse is having a bad cough and a slightly runny nose. At the moment his snot is clear sometimes it has a whiteish tent I listened to his throat and he sounds like it's raspy I'm thinking it's something like aspirational pnemonioa. I left a whole hay bale in the field for him to eat instead of pulling it off an liminiting the amount he eats of the hay and giving it to him like I normally do. I'm assuming it's the dust from the hay causing it. Any tips on how to get him better?
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What can I do for him? He’s an old free horse, we don’t have much to pay a vet. What can I do to make him comfortable? He eats fine, didn’t have a good weight to start with but is better than when we got him.
He drinks well. I soak his feed daily so he has water intake period.
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