What are Stifle Injuries?
The most complex joint in the horse is the stifle joint. The joint includes the kneecap and its ligaments, which give structural stability. Similar to the human knee, the stifle is located on the horse’s hind limbs. Encircling the whole stifle joint is a thin capsule that has a special fluid that assists with shock absorption and lubrication. Certain ligaments that cause the leg to not bend too much in either direction are present inside and outside of the stifle.
When properly working, the stifle allows the horse to be stable as well as smoothly move forward. Should he experience trauma, quick directional changes or deceleration, it will cause pressure that can lead to stifle injury. Due to the somewhat open construction of the stifle, as well as its size, swelling will often develop. Serious stifle injuries are often made more complicated due to fractures.
Trauma to the stifle, the horse’s most complex joint, can lead to stifle injury; in addition, some horses experience developmental disorders of the stifle, which will impact them as foals or young horses.
Symptoms of Stifle Injuries in Horses
Should your horse experience a stifle injury, you may witness the following:
- Swelling
- Lameness
- Seemingly intolerant of exercise
- Kneecap locking up
- Joint thickening
Types
Trauma along with different diseases can impact the stifle. Often, stifle diseases are divided into two types:
Acquired Disorders
This includes arthritis, degenerative joint disease, fractures and trauma (like an injury to the cruciate ligament). These issues result from infection, bacteria or trauma. Sudden and severe onset with sudden and obvious lameness and swelling point to an acquired disease in the stifle.
Developmental Disorders
These diseases are present at the time of birth and may or may not be the result of genetic abnormalities. Developmental disorders of the stifle typically impact foals and young horses who will initially show subtle symptoms. As the horse gets older and begins training, you will see swelling of the stifle and ongoing, low level lameness. Often the lameness and swelling will be very obvious with continuous exercise, and then decrease when activity is reduced. Examples of developmental disorders include osteochondritis dissecans, subchondral bone cysts and patellar luxation.
Causes of Stifle Injuries in Horses
There are several possible causes of stifle injuries. They may be the result of direct trauma or as a result of stress to the joint area from activities that involve quick directional changes, slowing down quickly and repeated jumping (as in activities like roping, cutting and barrel racing).
Diagnosis of Stifle Injuries in Horses
After conducting a physical examination of your horse, your veterinarian will use a variety of methods, to include digital x-rays, ultrasound and curvilinear ultrasound probes in examining the stifle joint and making a diagnosis. These tools will help your veterinarian get images of the different parts of the joint. Exploratory arthroscopic surgery may be useful when trying to determine the cause of the problem. Intra-articular anesthesia of the stifle is often key in diagnosing the problem and is used to localize the lameness.
It is important for your veterinarian to get an understanding of which part of the stifle is impacted and what is causing the problem in order for him to recommend the correct treatment.
Treatment of Stifle Injuries in Horses
Once your veterinarian has diagnosed the stifle injury in your horse, treatment will vary based upon the specific injury or disease. Rest will be recommended in order to alleviate the swelling and provide the opportunity for the joint to begin to heal. In cases where the joint capsule is stretched and not ruptured, recovery can happen with 2-3 months of rest and a slow return to activity. When inflammation is present, intra-articular medication may be recommended.
If there is a lesion present on radiography or if there has been no resolution to symptoms after a period of rest possibly including intra-articular medication, surgery may be considered. When the collateral ligament or cruciate ligaments are injured, treatment will frequently not be effective. This will lead the joint to become unstable and can progress to arthritis and ongoing lameness.
Recovery of Stifle Injuries in Horses
Should your horse be diagnosed with a stifle injury or condition, you will want to follow the recommendations of your veterinarian to ensure the best outcome for him. It is likely that follow up appointments will be recommended so that your veterinarian can assess the condition of your horse’s stifle and determine whether treatment is effective.
There are things that you can do to prevent stifle injuries in your horse. You can help him avoid direct trauma to the joint by not pushing him past his abilities, particularly in performance activities. It is important to keep an eye on your horse and be cognizant of any possible stifle injuries and act right away if you notice anything of concern by having your horse examined. The stifle joint is complicated and hard to evaluate with radiography because of its mass, surrounding tissue and soft tissue structures.
Stifle Injuries Questions and Advice from Veterinary Professionals
Has Symptoms
Hi, I'm considering buying a 4 year old Thoroughbred (raced once) and the vet check came back inconclusive. As to the horse's hind legs, the vet was "Unable to perform whole/upper limb flexion test, not willing to flex leg up more than 10 seconds. No heat, swelling, tenderness or other abnormalities detected, except mild fetlock joint effusion. Hoof
testers=negative; Static flexion=negative." Also, the vet found "Moderate reactivity to palpation of sacral/SI region, horse almost kicked out."
What can be done to get more conclusive data to help me make a decision on whether to buy the horse which has a wonderful disposition, conformation and performance in walk, trot, canter and jumps?
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Signs of soreness in left hind under saddle and in hand.Foot cocking outward when standing. I feel popping when I place my palm over that stifle as he walks forward. He's 3 next month.
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Stifle lameness came on sudden, no lameness at the walk, but severe lameness at the trot. Xrays came up clean, small soft tissue damage. 6 weeks off work, stall rest, ice, Bute (on and off) no improvements.
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Hi! So my horse has been lame for a month or so and we have narrowed it down to both stifles (one tested more positive than the other) We originally tested for lyme and that was negative. She is currently on a anti inflammatory and is pretty sound while we wait for our appointment for x-rays. She is only lame under saddle and going clockwise. Does this sound like something serious ? (It is a noticeable lameness for sure but not so bad that she can't move somewhat properly.) Someone mentioned that it could be weakness because of her locking stifles but I disagree due to it being so sudden.
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I have a horse with what was described as a bone mass next to his right rear stifle. He used to be on bute and used very little and that seemed to make things worse. We have since started using him more and stooped giving him bute and started giving him Turmeric and a supplement.
My question is being that this bone mass is not a chip would it be better to remove it than leave it next to the stifle joint? This does cause him pain when he has to lift his leg up off the ground for the fairer. Will this cause more issues in the future by not removing it?
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I have a horse who was kicked in the back leg sometime yesterday last night could put almost no weight on it this morning is putting more would just stall rest help?
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I have a 7 month old filly and 3 days ago her hind leg went stiff and she will drag it, but there is no swelling at all, then when I make her trot she is fin then when she stops it will lock up again.. it breaks my heart to see her do this.. what can I do to help her?
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Hi, I've got a 15 year old welsh cob who we noticed approx 4 weeks ago wasn't using his off hind properly in canter, he almost feels disunited on the right rein. He feels fine in trot at the minute. We did some flexion tests on his hind legs today and when we flexed his off hind including the stifle he trotted off lame! He has no heat, swelling etc to see! He's not dragging his toes or anything obvious
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Hi! My horse just started yesterday VERY lame in his left hind. The owner of the barn thinks it might be an abscess but there’s no warmth anywhere in the hoof but will not put any weight on his leg. he has a twisted pelvis and dropped hip which he is in rehab for. he however has very weak stifles in both legs due to the twisted pelvis and his left is weaker than the right. today is day 2 of stall rest with soaking and wrap treating it as if it could be an abscess while waiting for the farrier to come out but i’d like to rule out stifle injury. there is no swelling or warmth on the leg
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